Definitions of Crimes Under Articles 114 to 367 of the Revised Penal Code Philippines

Introduction

The Revised Penal Code (RPC) of the Philippines, enacted as Act No. 3815 on December 8, 1930, and effective from January 1, 1932, serves as the primary criminal statute in the country. Book One of the RPC (Articles 1 to 113) outlines general provisions, including the definition of felonies, criminal liability, penalties, and modifying circumstances. Book Two (Articles 114 to 367) enumerates specific crimes and their corresponding penalties, categorized into various titles based on the interests they protect, such as national security, public order, property, and personal liberty.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the definitions of crimes under Articles 114 to 367, focusing on the Philippine legal context. It is structured according to the titles in Book Two of the RPC, with explanations of key elements, requisites, and penalties for each offense. These definitions are derived from the statutory text, as interpreted by Philippine jurisprudence, including Supreme Court decisions that emphasize intent, dolo (malice) or culpa (fault), and the principles of nullum crimen sine lege (no crime without law) and legality. Penalties are generally expressed in terms of prision correccional, reclusion temporal, etc., with durations as defined in Article 27 (e.g., arresto mayor: 1 month and 1 day to 6 months; prision correccional: 6 months and 1 day to 6 years).

Note that special penal laws, such as Republic Act No. 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act) or Republic Act No. 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act), may supplement or modify these provisions, but this discussion is limited to the RPC. Aggravating and mitigating circumstances (Articles 14-15) can adjust penalties, and alternative penalties like fines may apply.

Title One: Crimes Against National Security and the Law of Nations (Articles 114-123)

This title protects the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and international relations of the Philippines.

• Article 114: Treason – Committed by a Filipino citizen or resident alien who, during wartime, levies war against the Philippines or adheres to its enemies by giving them aid or comfort. Requisites: (1) war exists; (2) offender owes allegiance; (3) act of levying war or giving aid/comfort. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua to death, with fine up to P4,000,000 (as amended by RA 10951). Jurisprudence (e.g., People v. Perez) clarifies that mere adherence without overt acts is insufficient.

• Article 115: Conspiracy and Proposal to Commit Treason – Conspiracy exists when two or more persons agree to commit treason; proposal when one suggests it to another. Penalty: Prision mayor and fine up to P2,000,000.

• Article 116: Misprision of Treason – Failure by a person owing allegiance (not a principal) to disclose knowledge of treason to authorities. Penalty: Accessory penalty under Article 58.

• Article 117: Espionage – Entering prohibited military zones without permission, or disclosing confidential defense information to foreign agents. Penalty: Prision correccional to reclusion perpetua, depending on wartime or peacetime.

• Article 118: Inciting to War or Giving Motives for Reprisals – Provoking war or exposing Filipinos to reprisals through unlawful acts. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 119: Violation of Neutrality – Disobeying government regulations during international neutrality. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 120: Correspondence with Hostile Country – Communicating with enemy countries during war, if prohibited. Penalty: Prision correccional to reclusion temporal.

• Article 121: Flight to Enemy's Country – Attempting to flee to enemy territory during war, if prohibited. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 122: Piracy in General and Mutiny on the High Seas or in Philippine Waters – Attacking or seizing vessels on the high seas or Philippine waters, or mutiny by crew. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua. Qualified piracy (with murder, rape, etc.) carries reclusion perpetua to death.

• Article 123: Qualified Piracy – Aggravated forms of piracy involving violence, abandonment, or specific circumstances. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua to death.

Title Two: Crimes Against the Fundamental Laws of the State (Articles 124-133)

These offenses undermine constitutional rights and government authority.

• Article 124: Arbitrary Detention – Public officer detains a person without legal grounds. Penalty: Arresto mayor to reclusion temporal, based on duration (e.g., up to 3 days: arresto mayor).

• Article 125: Delay in the Delivery of Detained Persons to the Proper Judicial Authorities – Failure to deliver detainee within specified periods (12, 18, or 36 hours). Penalty: Similar to Article 124.

• Article 126: Delaying Release – Delaying execution of release orders. Penalty: As in Article 124.

• Article 127: Expulsion – Public officer expels a person from the Philippines or compels residence change without authority. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 128: Violation of Domicile – Entering dwelling against owner's will, searching without warrant, or refusing to leave. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 129: Search Warrants Maliciously Obtained and Abuse in the Service of Those Legally Obtained – Procuring warrant without cause or exceeding authority. Penalty: Prision correccional minimum.

• Article 130: Searching Domicile Without Witnesses – Searching without required witnesses. Penalty: Arresto mayor maximum.

• Article 131: Prohibition, Interruption, and Dissolution of Peaceful Meetings – Preventing or disturbing peaceful assemblies. Penalty: Prision correccional minimum.

• Article 132: Interruption of Religious Worship – Preventing or disturbing religious ceremonies with violence. Penalty: Prision correccional minimum.

• Article 133: Offending the Religious Feelings – Mocking religious beliefs in places of worship. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

Title Three: Crimes Against Public Order (Articles 134-160)

This title addresses disruptions to societal peace and government functions.

• Article 134: Rebellion or Insurrection – Rising publicly and taking arms against the government to remove allegiance or deprive powers. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua. Distinguished from sedition by purpose (e.g., People v. Hernandez: political end required).

• Article 134-A: Coup d'Etat – Swift attack by military or public officers to seize power. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua.

• Article 135: Penalty for Rebellion, Insurrection, or Coup d'Etat – Leaders: reclusion perpetua; participants: reclusion temporal.

• Article 136: Conspiracy and Proposal to Commit Coup d'Etat, Rebellion, or Insurrection – Agreements or proposals. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 137: Disloyalty of Public Officers or Employees – Failing to resist rebellion. Penalty: Prision mayor minimum.

• Article 138: Inciting to Rebellion or Insurrection – Inducing others through speeches or writings. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 139: Sedition – Rising tumultuously to prevent law execution or inflict demands. Penalty: Prision mayor minimum.

• Article 140: Penalty for Sedition – Leaders: prision mayor; others: prision correccional.

• Article 141: Conspiracy to Commit Sedition – Agreement only (no proposal). Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 142: Inciting to Sedition – Encouraging sedition via various means. Penalty: Prision correccional maximum.

• Article 143: Acts Tending to Prevent the Meeting of the Assembly and Similar Bodies – Disturbing legislative sessions. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 144: Disturbance of Proceedings – Disrupting public meetings. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 145: Violation of Parliamentary Immunity – Arresting legislators during sessions without cause. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 146: Illegal Assemblies – Meetings for crimes or with armed attendees. Penalty: Prision correccional for organizers.

• Article 147: Illegal Associations – Forming groups for crimes or against law. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 148: Direct Assault – Attacking public agents in performance of duties. Penalty: Prision correccional; qualified if with weapon or superior strength: prision mayor.

• Article 149: Indirect Assault – Using force on persons aiding agents. Penalty: Prision correccional minimum.

• Article 150: Disobedience to Summons Issued by Congress, Its Committees or Subcommittees, by the Constitutional Commissions, Its Committees, Subcommittees or Divisions – Refusing to appear or testify. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 151: Resistance and Disobedience to a Person in Authority or the Agents of Such Person – Serious (resistance): prision correccional; simple: arresto mayor.

• Article 152: Persons in Authority and Agents of Persons in Authority – Defines who qualifies (e.g., teachers as agents in schools).

• Article 153: Tumults and Other Disturbances of Public Order – Causing serious disturbances in public places. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 154: Unlawful Use of Means of Publication and Unlawful Utterances – Publishing false news causing panic. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 155: Alarms and Scandals – Discharging firearms or causing scandals in public. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 156: Delivering Prisoners from Jail – Removing prisoners without authority. Penalty: Arresto mayor maximum.

• Article 157: Evasion of Service of Sentence – Escaping during banishment or calamity. Penalty: Increase in original sentence.

• Article 158: Evasion of Service of Sentence on the Occasion of Disorders, Conflagrations, Earthquakes, or Other Calamities – Failing to return after escape during disasters. Penalty: Increase by 1/5.

• Article 159: Other Cases of Evasion of Service of Sentence – Violating conditional pardon. Penalty: Prision correccional minimum.

• Article 160: Commission of Another Crime During Service of Penalty Imposed for Another Previous Offense – Committing new felony while serving sentence. Penalty: Maximum of new penalty.

Title Four: Crimes Against Public Interest (Articles 161-189)

These crimes involve forgery, falsification, and other deceptions affecting public trust.

• Article 161: Counterfeiting the Great Seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands, Forging the Signature or Stamp of the Chief Executive – Forging seals or signatures. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 162: Using Forged Signature or Counterfeit Seal or Stamp – Using such forgeries. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 163: Making and Importing and Uttering False Coins – Counterfeiting currency. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 164: Mutilation of Coins – Diminishing metal content. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 165: Selling of False or Mutilated Coin, Without Connivance – Possessing or selling. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 166: Forging Treasury or Bank Notes or Other Documents Payable to Bearer; Importing and Uttering Such False or Forged Notes and Documents – Forging notes. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 167: Counterfeiting, Importing, and Uttering Instruments Not Payable to Bearer – Similar to above but for non-bearer instruments. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 168: Illegal Possession and Use of False Treasury or Bank Notes and Other Instruments of Credit – Possessing with intent to use. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 169: How Forgery is Committed – Defines forgery as counterfeiting or altering genuine documents.

• Article 170: Falsification of Legislative Documents – Altering bills or resolutions. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 171: Falsification by Public Officer, Employee or Notary or Ecclesiastic Minister – Falsifying public documents (e.g., narrating false facts). Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 172: Falsification by Private Individual and Use of Falsified Documents – Private persons falsifying or using falsified docs. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 173: Falsification of Wireless, Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone Messages, and Use of Said Falsified Messages – Altering communications. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 174: False Medical Certificates, False Certificates of Merits or Service, Etc. – Issuing false certificates. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 175: Using False Certificates – Using such. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 176: Manufacturing and Possession of Instruments or Implements for Falsification – Making tools for falsification. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 177: Usurpation of Authority or Official Functions – Assuming powers without right. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 178: Using Fictitious Name and Concealing True Name – Using false name to conceal crime. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 179: Illegal Use of Uniforms or Insignia – Wearing official uniforms unlawfully. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 180: False Testimony Against a Defendant – Giving false testimony in criminal cases. Penalty: Based on sentence (e.g., if death: reclusion temporal).

• Article 181: False Testimony Favorable to the Defendant – Similar, but lighter. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 182: False Testimony in Civil Cases – False testimony in civil suits. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 183: False Testimony in Other Cases and Perjury in Solemn Affirmation – Perjury in non-judicial proceedings. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 184: Offering False Testimony in Evidence – Presenting false witnesses. Penalty: As accessory.

• Article 185: Machinations in Public Auctions – Manipulating bids. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 186: Monopolies and Combinations in Restraint of Trade – Creating monopolies. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 187: Importation and Disposition of Falsely Marked Articles or Merchandise Made of Gold, Silver, or Other Precious Metals or Their Alloys – Dealing in falsely marked goods. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 188: Substituting and Altering Trademarks, Trade Names, or Service Marks – (Repealed by Intellectual Property Code, but historically: altering marks. Penalty: Arresto mayor.)

• Article 189: Unfair Competition, Fraudulent Registration of Trade Name, Trademark, or Service Mark, Fraudulent Designation of Origin, and False Description – (Repealed, but covered unfair practices. Penalty: Arresto mayor.)

Title Five: Crimes Relative to Opium and Other Prohibited Drugs (Articles 190-194)

(Repealed by RA 9165, but for context: These articles originally criminalized possession, sale, and use of opium and other drugs like marijuana. Penalties ranged from arresto mayor to reclusion temporal. Current law under RA 9165 imposes harsher penalties, including life imprisonment for large-scale trafficking.)

Title Six: Crimes Against Public Morals (Articles 195-202)

These protect societal ethics and decency.

• Article 195: What Acts Are Punishable in Gambling – (Repealed by PD 1602, but involved operating or betting in games of chance. Penalty: Arresto menor.)

• Article 196: Importation, Sale and Possession of Lottery Tickets or Advertisements – Dealing in lotteries. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 197: Betting in Sports Contests – (Repealed.)

• Article 198: Illegal Betting on Horse Races – Betting outside racetracks. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 199: Illegal Cockfighting – Holding cockfights on unauthorized days. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 200: Grave Scandal – Acts offensive to decency in public. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 201: Immoral Doctrines, Obscene Publications and Exhibitions, and Indecent Shows – Publishing obscene materials. Penalty: Prision mayor. Jurisprudence (e.g., People v. Kottinger) requires community standards test.

• Article 202: Vagrants and Prostitutes – Defines vagrancy (idle without means) and prostitution. Penalty: Arresto menor for vagrants; arresto mayor for prostitutes.

Title Seven: Crimes Committed by Public Officers (Articles 203-245)

Focuses on abuses by those in public service.

• Article 203: Who Are Public Officers – Defines as those with public duties by election or appointment.

• Article 204: Knowingly Rendering Unjust Judgment – Judge issuing unjust decision knowingly. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 205: Judgment Rendered Through Negligence – Unjust judgment due to inexcusable negligence. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 206: Unjust Interlocutory Order – Issuing unjust temporary orders. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 207: Malicious Delay in the Administration of Justice – Delaying proceedings. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 208: Prosecution of Offenses; Negligence and Tolerance – Failing to prosecute. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 209: Betrayal of Trust by an Attorney or Solicitor – Revelation of Secrets – Attorney revealing client secrets. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 210: Direct Bribery – Public officer accepting bribes for acts in duty. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 211: Indirect Bribery – Accepting gifts offered due to office. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 211-A: Qualified Bribery – If for dereliction in apprehending criminals. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 212: Corruption of Public Officials – Offering bribes. Penalty: Same as briber.

• Article 213: Frauds Against the Public Treasury and Similar Offenses – Defrauding government in collections. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 214: Other Frauds – Fraud by public officers in other capacities. Penalty: As in estafa.

• Article 215: Prohibited Transactions – Public officers engaging in private transactions. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 216: Possession of Prohibited Interest by a Public Officer – Having interest in business under regulation. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 217: Malversation of Public Funds or Property – Misappropriating public funds. Penalty: Prision mayor to reclusion perpetua, based on amount.

• Article 218: Failure of Accountable Officer to Render Accounts – Not accounting for funds. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 219: Failure of a Responsible Public Officer to Render Accounts Before Leaving the Country – Leaving without accounting. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 220: Illegal Use of Public Funds or Property – Using funds for unauthorized purposes. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 221: Failure to Make Delivery of Public Funds or Property – Failing to deliver. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 222: Officers Included in the Preceding Provisions – Extends to private individuals handling public funds.

• Article 223: Conniving with or Consenting to Evasion – Allowing prisoner escape. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 224: Evasion Through Negligence – Negligent escape. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 225: Escape of Prisoner Under the Custody of a Person Not a Public Officer – Private person allowing escape. Penalty: Lower than above.

• Article 226: Removal, Concealment, or Destruction of Documents – Tampering with public documents. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 227: Officer Breaking Seal – Breaking seals on guarded items. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 228: Opening of Closed Documents – Opening sealed papers. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 229: Revelation of Secrets by an Officer – Disclosing confidential info. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 230: Public Officer Revealing Secrets of Private Individual – Revealing private secrets learned officially. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 231: Open Disobedience – Refusing to obey superior orders. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 232: Disobedience to Order of Superior Officer, When Said Order Was Suspended by Inferior Officer – Disobeying suspension. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 233: Refusal of Assistance – Refusing to aid in emergencies. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 234: Refusal to Discharge Elective Office – Refusing elected duties. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 235: Maltreatment of Prisoners – Abusing detainees. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 236: Anticipation of Duties of a Public Office – Assuming office prematurely. Penalty: Suspension.

• Article 237: Prolonging Performance of Duties and Powers – Overstaying in office. Penalty: Suspension.

• Article 238: Abandonment of Office or Position – Abandoning to evade duties. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 239: Usurpation of Legislative Powers – Executive encroaching on legislature. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 240: Usurpation of Executive Functions – Judiciary or legislature encroaching on executive. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 241: Usurpation of Judicial Functions – Executive or legislature encroaching on judiciary. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 242: Disobeying Request for Disqualification – Continuing despite disqualification. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 243: Orders or Requests by Executive Officers to Any Judicial Authority – Interfering in judicial matters. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 244: Unlawful Appointments – Appointing unqualified persons. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 245: Abuses Against Chastity – Public officers soliciting sexual favors. Penalty: Prision correccional.

Title Eight: Crimes Against Persons (Articles 246-266-C)

Protects life, liberty, and physical integrity.

• Article 246: Parricide – Killing spouse, ascendant, descendant, or legitimate relative. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua to death.

• Article 247: Death or Physical Injuries Inflicted Under Exceptional Circumstances – Killing spouse or paramour caught in adultery. Penalty: Destierro (banishment).

• Article 248: Murder – Killing with treachery, evident premeditation, reward, cruelty, etc. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua to death.

• Article 249: Homicide – Unlawful killing without qualifying circumstances. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 250: Penalty for Frustrated Parricide, Murder, or Homicide – One degree lower.

• Article 251: Penalty for Attempted Parricide, Murder, or Homicide – Two degrees lower.

• Article 252: Physical Injuries Inflicted in a Tumultuous Affray – Injuries in fights where culprit unidentified. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 253: Giving Assistance to Suicide – Aiding suicide. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 254: Discharge of Firearms – Shooting without intent to kill. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 255: Infanticide – Killing child under 3 days old. Penalty: As parricide, but mitigated.

• Article 256: Intentional Abortion – Causing abortion with violence. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 257: Unintentional Abortion – Abortion through violence without intent. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 258: Abortion Practiced by the Woman Herself or by Her Parents – Self-induced or parental. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 259: Abortion Practiced by a Physician or Midwife and Dispensing of Abortives – Professionals involved. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 260: Responsibility of Participants in a Duel – Killing in duel. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 261: Challenging to a Duel – Provoking or accepting duel. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 262: Mutilation – Castration or mayhem. Penalty: Reclusion temporal to perpetua.

• Article 263: Serious Physical Injuries – Injuries causing insanity, impotence, deformity, etc. Penalty: Reclusion temporal to prision correccional, based on severity.

• Article 264: Administering Injurious Substances or Beverages – Without intent to kill. Penalty: As serious injuries.

• Article 265: Less Serious Physical Injuries – Injuries requiring medical attention 10-30 days. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 266: Slight Physical Injuries and Maltreatment – Minor injuries. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 266-A: Rape – (As amended by RA 8353: Carnal knowledge without consent, or through force, threat, etc. Includes acts like object insertion.) Penalty: Reclusion perpetua; death if qualified (e.g., with homicide).

• Article 266-B: Penalties for Rape – Details qualified circumstances.

• Article 266-C: Effect of Pardon – Marriage extinguishes penalty.

Title Nine: Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security (Articles 267-292)

Safeguards individual freedom and safety.

• Article 267: Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention – Detaining with intent to deprive liberty, if over 3 days or with ransom. Penalty: Reclusion perpetua to death.

• Article 268: Slight Illegal Detention – Shorter detention. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 269: Unlawful Arrest – Arresting without cause. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 270: Kidnapping and Failure to Return a Minor – Entrusting minor and failing to return. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 271: Inducing a Minor to Abandon His Home – Inducing minor to leave. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 272: Slavery – Purchasing or selling persons. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 273: Exploitation of Child Labor – Assigning hazardous work to minors. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 274: Services Rendered Under Compulsion in Payment of Debt – Forced labor for debt. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 275: Abandonment of Persons in Danger and Abandonment of One's Own Victim – Failing to aid injured. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 276: Abandoning a Minor – Abandoning child under 7. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 277: Abandonment of Minor by Person Entrusted with His Custody; Indifference of Parents – Neglecting child education/health. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 278: Exploitation of Minors – Using minors for begging or immoral purposes. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 279: Additional Penalties for Other Offenses – Adds penalties if with other crimes.

• Article 280: Qualified Trespass to Dwelling – Entering against will. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 281: Other Forms of Trespass – Entering closed premises. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 282: Grave Threats – Threatening crime with demand. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 283: Light Threats – Minor threats. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 284: Bond for Good Behavior – Court-ordered bond in threat cases.

• Article 285: Other Light Threats – Prohibited firearm display. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 286: Grave Coercions – Preventing acts by violence. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 287: Light Coercions – Seizing property for debt. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 288: Other Similar Coercions (Compulsory Purchase of Merchandise and Payment of Wages by Means of Tokens) – Forcing purchases or token payments. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 289: Formation, Maintenance, and Prohibition of Combination of Capital or Labor Through Violence or Threats – Monopolizing labor/capital by force. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 290: Discovering Secrets Through Seizure of Correspondence – Seizing papers to discover secrets. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 291: Revealing Secrets with Abuse of Office – Officials revealing secrets. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 292: Revelation of Industrial Secrets – Disclosing business secrets. Penalty: Prision correccional.

Title Ten: Crimes Against Property (Articles 293-332)

Protects ownership and economic interests.

• Article 293: Who Are Guilty of Robbery – Taking property with violence or intimidation.

• Article 294: Robbery with Violence Against or Intimidation of Persons – Penalty: Reclusion perpetua to prision correccional, based on circumstances (e.g., with homicide: reclusion perpetua to death).

• Article 295: Robbery with Physical Injuries, Committed in an Uninhabited Place and by a Band – Qualified forms.

• Article 296: Definition of a Band and Penalty Incurred by the Members Thereof – Three or more armed malefactors.

• Article 297: Attempted and Frustrated Robbery Committed Under Certain Circumstances – Lower penalties.

• Article 298: Execution of Deeds by Means of Violence or Intimidation – Forcing document signing. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 299: Robbery in an Inhabited House or Public Building or Edifice Devoted to Worship – Breaking in with force. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 300: Robbery in an Uninhabited Place and by a Band – Qualified.

• Article 301: What is an Inhabited House, Public Building or Building Dedicated to Religious Worship and Their Dependencies – Definitions.

• Article 302: Robbery in an Uninhabited Place or in a Private Building – Lesser force. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 303: Robbery of Cereals, Fruits, or Firewood in an Inhabited Place or Private Building – Lighter penalty.

• Article 304: Possession of Picklocks or Similar Tools – Tools for robbery. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 305: False Keys – Defines false keys.

• Article 306: Who Are Brigands – Penalty – Highway robbery by band. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 307: Aiding and Abetting a Band of Brigands – Aiding them. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 308: Who Are Liable for Theft – Taking property without violence. Penalty: Based on value (e.g., over P100,000: prision mayor).

• Article 309: Penalties – Graduated based on amount stolen.

• Article 310: Qualified Theft – Aggravated (e.g., by domestic servant). Penalty: Two degrees higher.

• Article 311: Theft of the Property of the National Library and National Museum – Higher penalty.

• Article 312: Occupation of Real Property or Usurpation of Real Rights in Property – Taking real property by force. Penalty: Fine or arresto.

• Article 313: Altering Boundaries or Landmarks – Changing markers. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 314: Fraudulent Insolvency – Fraudulently becoming insolvent. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 315: Swindling (Estafa) – Defrauding by abuse of confidence or deceit (e.g., false pretenses). Penalty: Based on amount (e.g., over P2,500,000: reclusion temporal).

• Article 316: Other Forms of Swindling – Selling encumbered property as free. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 317: Swindling a Minor – Defrauding minors. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 318: Other Deceits – Minor frauds. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 319: Removal, Sale, or Pledge of Mortgaged Property – Disposing mortgaged goods. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 320: Arson – (Repealed by PD 1613, but originally: burning property. Penalty: Reclusion temporal to perpetua.)

• Articles 321-326: Other Forms of Arson – (Repealed; varied penalties based on property type.)

• Article 327: Who Are Liable for Malicious Mischief – Damaging property without other crime. Penalty: Based on value.

• Article 328: Special Cases of Malicious Mischief – Specific damages (e.g., to crops). Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 329: Other Mischiefs – Minor damages. Penalty: Arresto menor.

• Article 330: Damage and Obstruction to Means of Communication – Damaging railways. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 331: Destroying or Damaging Statues, Public Monuments, or Paintings – Vandalism. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 332: Persons Exempt from Criminal Liability – Relatives exempt in theft, estafa, mischief.

Title Eleven: Crimes Against Chastity (Articles 333-346)

Protects family and moral integrity. (Note: Some provisions amended by RA 8353 and RA 9262.)

• Article 333: Who Are Guilty of Adultery – Married woman having intercourse with non-husband; paramour. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 334: Concubinage – Married man keeping mistress or cohabiting scandalously. Penalty: Prision correccional minimum.

• Article 335: Simple Rape – (Repealed by RA 8353; now under 266-A.)

• Article 336: Acts of Lasciviousness – Lewd acts without rape. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 337: Qualified Seduction – Seducing virgin over 12 under 18 by authority/abuse. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 338: Simple Seduction – Seducing virgin by deceit. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 339: Acts of Lasciviousness with the Consent of the Offended Party – Lewd acts on minors. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 340: Corruption of Minors – Promoting prostitution of minors. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 341: White Slave Trade – Profiting from prostitution. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 342: Forcible Abduction – Abducting woman with lewd designs. Penalty: Reclusion temporal.

• Article 343: Consented Abduction – Abducting virgin over 12 under 18 with consent for lewd purposes. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 344: Prosecution of the Crimes of Adultery, Concubinage, Seduction, Abduction, Rape, and Acts of Lasciviousness – Requires complaint by offended party.

• Article 345: Civil Liability of Persons Guilty of Crimes Against Chastity – Support obligations.

• Article 346: Liability of Ascendants, Guardians, Teachers, or Other Persons Entrusted with the Custody of the Offended Party – Higher penalties if in custody.

Title Twelve: Crimes Against the Civil Status of Persons (Articles 347-352)

• Article 347: Simulation of Births, Substitution of One Child for Another, and Concealment or Abandonment of a Legitimate Child – Falsifying birth records. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 348: Usurpation of Civil Status – Assuming another's identity for rights. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 349: Bigamy – Contracting second marriage without annulling first. Penalty: Prision mayor.

• Article 350: Marriage Contracted Against Provisions of Laws – Illegal marriages. Penalty: Prision correccional.

• Article 351: Premature Marriages – Widows remarrying within 301 days. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 352: Performance of Illegal Marriage Ceremony – Unauthorized solemnization. Penalty: Prision correccional.

Title Thirteen: Crimes Against Honor (Articles 353-364)

• Article 353: Definition of Libel – Public and malicious imputation damaging honor. Penalty: Prision correccional or fine.

• Article 354: Requirement for Publicity – Every defamatory imputation presumed malicious, except private communications.

• Article 355: Libel by Means of Writings or Similar Means – Through print, radio, etc.

• Article 356: Threatening to Publish and Offer to Prevent Such Publication for a Compensation – Blackmail. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 357: Prohibited Publication of Acts Referred to in the Course of Official Proceedings – Publishing sealed proceedings. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 358: Slander – Oral defamation. Penalty: Arresto mayor for serious; menor for light.

• Article 359: Slander by Deed – Humiliating acts. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 360: Persons Responsible – Authors, editors liable.

• Article 361: Proof of the Truth – Defense in libel if public official or true.

• Article 362: Libelous Remarks – In pleadings.

• Article 363: Incriminating Innocent Person – Planting evidence. Penalty: Arresto mayor.

• Article 364: Intriguing Against Honor – Spreading rumors. Penalty: Arresto menor.

Title Fourteen: Quasi-Offenses (Article 365)

• Article 365: Imprudence and Negligence – Reckless or simple imprudence causing damage or injury. Penalty: Arresto mayor to prision correccional, based on result (e.g., if death: prision correccional). This covers culpa-based acts not felonies elsewhere.

Conclusion

Articles 114 to 367 of the RPC form the core of Philippine criminal law on specific offenses, emphasizing protection of state, society, persons, property, and morals. Penalties are adjustable under general provisions, and jurisprudence (e.g., from the Supreme Court) evolves interpretations, such as in qualified theft (People v. Jara) or rape (People v. Jalosjos). Amendments via laws like RA 10951 (adjusting property thresholds) and RA 8353 (expanding rape) reflect societal changes. For application, consult current statutes and case law, as criminal liability requires proof beyond reasonable doubt.