If the LTO Certificate of Registration still shows the seller’s name, the problem is not just “paperwork.” It can affect who receives traffic violation notices, who can renew the vehicle registration, who can claim insurance, and who may be sued if the vehicle is involved in an accident. This guide explains why LTO vehicle ownership transfer problems happen in the Philippines, what laws apply, what documents usually fix them, and what legal steps you can take when the seller, buyer, dealer, financing company, heirs, or LTO records are the reason the transfer is stuck.
What “Transfer of Ownership” Means at the LTO
A vehicle sale has two sides:
- Private ownership between buyer and seller — this is usually proven by a notarized Deed of Sale, delivery of the vehicle, payment, and possession.
- Registration ownership in LTO records — this is the name appearing on the Certificate of Registration, Official Receipt, and LTO database.
Under the Civil Code, the seller is bound to transfer ownership and deliver the thing sold. Ownership of a movable item is acquired from delivery, and a sale made through a public instrument, such as a notarized deed, is generally equivalent to delivery unless the deed says otherwise. (Lawphil)
But for motor vehicles, private delivery is not enough. The LTO record matters because motor vehicles used on Philippine roads must be properly registered. Republic Act No. 4136, the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, requires motor vehicles used on public highways to be registered, and it also recognizes that sales, transfers, and encumbrances must be reflected in official motor vehicle records. (Lawphil)
This is why many buyers say, “Nabili ko na ang sasakyan, pero hindi pa sa pangalan ko.” Legally, that is a risky halfway situation.
Why LTO Ownership Transfer Problems Should Be Fixed Quickly
The biggest danger is the registered owner rule. Philippine Supreme Court decisions have repeatedly held that, as to the public and third persons, the registered owner of a motor vehicle may be treated as the lawful operator and may be held directly and primarily liable for consequences of the vehicle’s operation, even if the vehicle was already sold but not transferred in LTO records. (Supreme Court E-Library)
The Civil Code also makes a person liable for damage caused by fault or negligence under Article 2176, and Article 2180 extends liability to persons for whom one is responsible. In motor vehicle mishaps, Article 2184 also addresses the liability of the owner and refers back to Article 2180 when the owner was not inside the vehicle. (Lawphil)
In practical terms:
| If you are the seller | If you are the buyer |
|---|---|
| Traffic violations, MMDA notices, toll penalties, or accident claims may still point to you. | You may have difficulty renewing registration, claiming insurance, selling the vehicle, or proving clean ownership. |
| You may need to prove you already sold the vehicle. | You may be forced to chase the seller years later for missing signatures, IDs, or corrected documents. |
| If sued by an accident victim, your defense may become expensive even if you later seek reimbursement from the buyer. | If the vehicle has an alarm, encumbrance, bad deed, estate issue, or missing record, the LTO may reject the transfer. |
The Supreme Court has also recognized that a registered owner who pays damages may have recourse against the actual owner or operator, but that does not remove the immediate risk of being sued first. (Supreme Court E-Library)
Legal Bases for Vehicle Ownership Transfer in the Philippines
Republic Act No. 4136: Registration and LTO Records
RA 4136 requires motor vehicles used on public highways to be registered. It also provides that motor vehicle encumbrances, such as mortgages and attachments, must be recorded in the land transportation records and reflected on the Certificate of Registration. (Lawphil)
This is why an encumbered vehicle usually has a Certificate of Registration Encumbered, commonly called CRE. You cannot simply ignore the mortgage notation. The LTO will normally require proof that the chattel mortgage has been released or cancelled before issuing a clean CR in the buyer’s name.
Republic Act No. 10883: New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016
RA 10883, the New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016, is a major reason the LTO and PNP-HPG are strict about transfers. Section 8 requires every sale, transfer, or conveyance of a motor vehicle, or substitution or replacement of an engine, engine block, or chassis, to be registered with the LTO within 20 working days upon purchase or acquisition. It also provides that a motor vehicle, engine, engine block, or chassis not registered with the LTO may be presumed carnapped, untaxed, or from illegal sources unless proven otherwise. (Supreme Court E-Library)
This is also why the PNP-HPG Motor Vehicle Clearance is not a meaningless extra step. It helps confirm that the vehicle identity, engine number, and chassis number are not connected to a carnapping record or tampering issue.
RA 11235 as Amended by RA 12209: Special Motorcycle Rules
For motorcycles, Republic Act No. 12209, signed on May 9, 2025, amended RA 11235, the Motorcycle Crime Prevention Act. It requires the seller or disposing owner of a motorcycle to report the sale or disposition to the LTO within 5 working days, and the new owner to cause the transfer of ownership within 20 working days from acquisition. Upon complete submission of documentary requirements, including PNP-HPG clearance, the LTO must issue the corresponding Certificate of Registration within 2 working days. The law sets a fine of not more than ₱5,000 for noncompliance by the dealer, original owner, or new owner. (Supreme Court E-Library)
For cars and other motor vehicles, LTO issuances and transfer procedures also require prompt reporting and registration of transfers, but the motorcycle rule is now especially clear because it is written into RA 12209. LTO’s published issuances include AO-VDM-2024-046 on immediate transfer of ownership of motor vehicles with existing registration. (Land Transportation Office)
Common LTO Vehicle Ownership Transfer Problems
1. The Deed of Sale is “open”
An open deed of sale usually means the seller signed a deed but the buyer’s name, date, or other details were left blank. This became common in buy-and-sell transactions so resellers could pass the vehicle to the next buyer without transferring the CR each time.
This is risky because:
- It may not reflect the true chain of ownership.
- The notarial date may not match the actual sale date.
- The LTO may reject incomplete or suspicious documents.
- The seller may deny the transaction if the deed was filled out later without authority.
- If the vehicle is involved in a crime or accident, everyone in the chain may be asked to explain.
Best fix: execute a proper closed Deed of Absolute Sale naming the actual buyer, actual seller, exact vehicle details, purchase price, date, valid IDs, and signatures.
2. The seller is missing, abroad, dead, or uncooperative
This is one of the hardest transfer problems. The buyer has the vehicle and perhaps the OR/CR, but lacks one of these:
- seller’s valid IDs;
- seller’s specimen signatures;
- notarized Deed of Sale;
- corrected deed;
- SPA from the registered owner;
- release of mortgage;
- estate documents if the owner died.
If the seller is abroad, Philippine consular notarization is often used for a Special Power of Attorney, Deed of Sale, affidavit, or similar private document intended for use in the Philippines. Philippine embassies and consulates can notarize private documents such as SPAs, deeds of sale, deeds of donation, affidavits, and extrajudicial settlement documents. (Philippine Embassy)
If a document is executed before a foreign notary, authentication or apostille issues may arise. DFA apostille services apply to Philippine public documents for use abroad; foreign documents generally need to be dealt with under the rules of the issuing country and the receiving Philippine agency’s requirements. ([Apostille
]8)
3. The vehicle is still encumbered
An encumbered vehicle is one covered by a chattel mortgage, usually because it was financed through a bank, lending company, or dealer financing.
Under the Chattel Mortgage Law, a chattel mortgage is a security arrangement over personal property. To bind third persons, it generally must be recorded with the proper Register of Deeds unless possession is delivered and retained by the mortgagee. (Lawphil)
In practice, to transfer an encumbered vehicle, you may need:
- bank or financing company release;
- cancellation or release of chattel mortgage;
- Registry of Deeds proof of cancellation;
- original CRE and latest OR;
- Deed of Sale with assumption of mortgage, if applicable;
- written conformity of the financing company, if the loan was assumed.
Do not rely only on the seller saying “fully paid na.” Ask for the release documents.
4. The registered owner has died
If the registered owner is deceased, the buyer cannot simply ask one heir to sign a deed unless that heir has legal authority.
For an estate-based transfer, the usual route is either:
- Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate if the decedent left no will, no debts, and the heirs can agree; or
- Judicial settlement if there is a will, dispute, debts, minor heirs needing court representation, or other complications.
Rule 74 of the Rules of Court governs extrajudicial settlement and summary settlement of estates. It requires proper participation or notice to interested persons, and publication of the fact of extrajudicial settlement in a newspaper of general circulation. (Lawphil)
For estate tax, BIR rules may also require clearance before transferring a registrable property such as a motor vehicle. BIR estate tax guidance states that for registered or registrable property, including motor vehicles, BIR clearance is required as a condition precedent for transfer of ownership in the name of the transferee. (Bir CDN)
5. The CR, OR, or LTO “mother file” cannot be verified
Some older vehicles have records that are not fully migrated into the LTO’s digital system. Others were registered in a far province, transferred informally several times, or have missing OR/CR documents.
Common fixes include:
- request a certified true copy of the CR/OR from the LTO office with the record;
- ask the LTO branch whether record confirmation or migration is needed;
- prepare an affidavit of loss if the original OR/CR is lost;
- secure PNP-HPG clearance after record and identity verification;
- avoid submitting photocopies where the LTO requires originals.
LTO Citizen’s Charter materials for transfer of ownership list key documents such as the original CR or CRE, original OR, Deed of Sale/Transfer/Conveyance, PNP-HPG Motor Vehicle Clearance Certificate with macro-etching, MVIR, insurance Certificate of Cover, and valid government IDs of vendor and vendee. (Scribd)
6. The engine or chassis number does not match
This is serious. If the engine number or chassis number on the vehicle does not match the CR, the LTO and PNP-HPG may require further verification. If there are signs of tampering, the problem can become a criminal or anti-carnapping issue.
Do not “fix” this through unofficial stencil services or fixers. The legal path is to bring the vehicle for proper PNP-HPG and LTO inspection, gather proof of lawful engine replacement if any, and secure the required clearances.
Step-by-Step Legal Process to Fix LTO Transfer Problems
Step 1: Identify the exact reason the transfer is blocked
Before paying anyone, ask the LTO evaluator or PNP-HPG office what specific defect exists.
Common reasons include:
| Problem | What usually fixes it |
|---|---|
| Missing seller ID | Clear photocopy of valid ID with signatures, or seller’s personal appearance if required |
| Open deed | Correct, closed, notarized Deed of Sale |
| Wrong name or typo | Corrected deed, affidavit of discrepancy, supporting IDs |
| Encumbered CR | Mortgage release and cancellation documents |
| Deceased registered owner | Estate settlement, BIR clearance if required, death and heirship documents |
| Missing OR/CR | Certified true copy, affidavit of loss, LTO record confirmation |
| Alarm or carnapping issue | PNP-HPG verification and legal clearance |
| Company-owned vehicle | Secretary’s Certificate or board authorization plus authorized signatory documents |
| Sale through representative | Special Power of Attorney with IDs |
Get the defect in writing if possible. A verbal “kulang documents” explanation often leads to repeated trips.
Step 2: Secure the core documents
For a normal private vehicle transfer, prepare:
| Document | Practical notes |
|---|---|
| Original Certificate of Registration or CRE | Must match the vehicle details and registered owner |
| Original latest Official Receipt | Check if registration is current or expired |
| Notarized Deed of Sale/Transfer/Conveyance | Should identify buyer, seller, plate, engine, chassis, make, series, year model, and price |
| Valid IDs of buyer and seller | Usually with specimen signatures on photocopies |
| PNP-HPG Motor Vehicle Clearance Certificate | Required for transfer and identity verification |
| Macro-etching or stencil result | Used to verify engine and chassis numbers |
| Motor Vehicle Inspection Report | LTO inspection requirement |
| CTPL insurance Certificate of Cover | Should be current; branch practice may require it in buyer’s name |
| Emission compliance, if due | Needed especially when registration renewal is also involved |
| TIN, if requested | Commonly required in transfer transactions |
LTO’s transfer checklist for private motor vehicles and motorcycles includes the original CR or CRE, original OR, Deed of Sale/Transfer/Conveyance, PNP-HPG clearance and macro-etching, MVIR, insurance COC, and valid IDs of vendor and vendee. (Scribd)
Step 3: Get PNP-HPG clearance before final LTO processing
The PNP-HPG clearance helps confirm that the vehicle is not wanted, carnapped, or tampered with. For transfer of ownership, PNP-HPG clearance requirements commonly include the Deed of Sale or court writ, LTO CR and OR, cancellation or release of mortgage if mortgaged, Secretary’s Certificate if company-owned, SPA if sold through a representative, and TIN of vendor and vendee. (LTO Portal PH)
Bring the actual vehicle. The officer or technician must inspect and verify the vehicle identity. If there is a mismatch, the process may be delayed for further investigation.
Step 4: File the transfer at the proper LTO office
Bring originals and photocopies. The usual in-person flow is:
- Submit documents for evaluation.
- Present the vehicle for inspection and stencil verification.
- Resolve any record confirmation, mother file, or LTMS issue.
- Pay assessed LTO fees at the cashier.
- Wait for release or issuance of the new CR and OR in the buyer’s name.
For motorcycles, RA 12209 states that after complete submission of documentary requirements, including PNP-HPG clearance, the LTO shall issue the corresponding CR within 2 working days. (Supreme Court E-Library)
For other vehicles, actual timelines vary by branch, completeness of records, LTMS migration, PNP-HPG clearance, whether the vehicle is encumbered, and whether the registration is expired.
Step 5: Keep proof of filing and transfer
Do not leave the transaction with only verbal assurance.
Keep copies of:
- notarized deed;
- LTO official receipts;
- PNP-HPG clearance;
- MVIR;
- insurance COC;
- release of mortgage;
- affidavits;
- claim stubs;
- email or LTMS confirmations;
- new CR and OR once issued.
For sellers, keep a full copy of the buyer’s ID and the notarized deed. If an accident or violation happens later, these documents help prove when possession and sale occurred.
What to Do If the Seller Refuses to Help
If the registered owner refuses to sign a corrected deed, give IDs, appear at the notary, or release documents, take a structured approach.
1. Send a written demand
A demand letter should state:
- date of sale;
- vehicle details;
- amount paid;
- documents already given;
- documents still needed;
- deadline to comply;
- request for appearance or execution of corrected documents.
Send it by personal delivery with receiving copy, courier, email, or registered mail. Attach copies of receipts, deed, chat screenshots, and proof of payment.
2. Consider barangay conciliation if applicable
If both parties are individuals residing in the same city or municipality and the dispute is covered by Katarungang Pambarangay, barangay conciliation may be a required pre-condition before filing in court. Supreme Court Administrative Circular No. 14-93 explains that disputes subject to the Revised Katarungang Pambarangay Law under RA 7160 generally require prior barangay conciliation before court action, subject to exceptions. (Lawphil)
Barangay settlement can be useful when the issue is simple: signing a corrected deed, turning over IDs, or reimbursing transfer costs.
3. File the proper court action if needed
Depending on the facts, possible remedies include:
| Situation | Possible legal remedy |
|---|---|
| Seller received payment but refuses to sign documents | Civil action for specific performance and damages |
| Seller misrepresented ownership or failed to disclose encumbrance | Rescission, damages, or fraud-related remedies depending on evidence |
| Buyer wants refund only and amount is within small claims coverage | Small claims case for money claim |
| Dealer promised transfer but failed | Complaint, demand, civil claim, or regulatory complaint depending on transaction |
| Fake documents or carnapping suspicion | Police/PNP-HPG complaint and criminal investigation |
Small claims can cover money claims arising from sale of personal property, with the Supreme Court increasing the threshold to ₱1,000,000 under the Rules on Expedited Procedures in the First Level Courts. But small claims is for money claims; it is not the right procedure if your main request is to force someone to sign transfer documents. (Supreme Court of the Philippines)
What Sellers Should Do After Selling a Vehicle
Sellers often think their job ends after receiving payment. That is dangerous.
After sale:
- Execute a complete notarized Deed of Sale.
- Give only the documents needed for proper transfer, not blank signed papers.
- Keep photocopies of the buyer’s IDs and the notarized deed.
- Report the sale to the LTO if available through the applicable LTO process or office.
- Do not allow the buyer to keep driving indefinitely without transfer.
- Put in the deed who will pay transfer costs and by what deadline.
- For motorcycles, comply with the 5-working-day seller reporting rule under RA 12209. (Supreme Court E-Library)
A good deed should include a clause requiring the buyer to complete LTO transfer by a specific date and to indemnify the seller for violations, penalties, claims, or damages arising after turnover.
What Buyers Should Check Before Paying
Before paying in full, inspect the documents, not just the vehicle.
Check:
- Is the seller the same person named on the CR?
- Is the CR clean or encumbered?
- Does the plate number match the OR/CR?
- Do the engine and chassis numbers match the vehicle?
- Is the latest registration updated?
- Are there unpaid violations, alarms, or apprehensions?
- Is the deed closed, complete, and notarized?
- Does the seller have valid IDs with signatures?
- Is the seller a company, estate, dealer, attorney-in-fact, or actual registered owner?
- If the seller is abroad, is there a proper consularized SPA or acceptable authenticated document?
If the vehicle passed through multiple buyers but none transferred the CR, require a clear chain of documents. Under Article 1544 of the Civil Code, if the same movable property is sold to different buyers, ownership belongs to the person who first took possession in good faith. That rule can become important in double-sale disputes, but it does not automatically cure incomplete LTO paperwork. (Lawphil)
Special Situations and How to Fix Them
Vehicle bought from a dealer or buy-and-sell business
Ask whether the dealer is the registered owner or merely an intermediary. If the dealer is not on the CR, require documents connecting the registered owner to the dealer and the dealer to you.
For motorcycles, RA 12209 expressly includes dealers and those engaged in “buy and sell” in reporting obligations, and it requires written arrangements when the seller retains ownership but gives the buyer possession until full payment. (Supreme Court E-Library)
Vehicle acquired through repossession
You may need:
- foreclosure or repossession documents;
- certificate of sale;
- cancellation of chattel mortgage;
- financing company authority;
- original OR/CR or CRE;
- PNP-HPG clearance;
- LTO inspection documents.
Do not buy repossessed vehicles without the bank’s or financing company’s official release package.
Vehicle inherited from parents or relatives
Prepare:
- PSA death certificate;
- marriage certificate and birth certificates proving heirs;
- Deed of Extrajudicial Settlement or Affidavit of Sole Adjudication;
- proof of publication;
- Registry of Deeds recording if required;
- BIR estate tax clearance or eCAR if required;
- original OR/CR;
- PNP-HPG clearance;
- MVIR and insurance.
If one heir sells without the others, the buyer may later face a claim from excluded heirs.
Foreign buyer or foreign seller
Foreigners can own personal property such as a motor vehicle in the Philippines, but practical documentation issues are common.
For foreigners:
- use passport, ACR I-Card if applicable, and local address documents when requested;
- make sure the name on the deed matches the ID exactly;
- if signing abroad, use Philippine consular notarization or an authentication method acceptable to the LTO;
- if appointing someone in the Philippines, use a specific SPA authorizing sale, transfer, LTO processing, PNP-HPG clearance, signing, and receipt of documents.
Lost original OR or CR
A missing original OR/CR usually requires:
- affidavit of loss;
- valid ID of the registered owner or authorized representative;
- request for certified true copy from LTO;
- possible mother file confirmation;
- payment of replacement or certification fees;
- transfer processing only after the LTO record is verified.
If the seller refuses to help with lost OR/CR replacement, treat it as a seller cooperation problem and document your demands.
Required Documents Checklist
| Case | Main documents usually needed |
|---|---|
| Simple private sale | OR, CR, notarized deed, IDs of seller and buyer, PNP-HPG clearance, MVIR, insurance COC |
| Encumbered vehicle | CRE, latest OR, deed with bank conformity if applicable, release or cancellation of mortgage, Registry of Deeds proof |
| Company-owned vehicle | Secretary’s Certificate or board resolution, authorized signatory ID, company documents, deed, OR/CR |
| Seller abroad | Consularized SPA or deed, passport/ID copies, representative’s ID |
| Deceased owner | Death certificate, estate settlement or court decision, proof of publication if extrajudicial, BIR clearance if required, OR/CR |
| Auction, foreclosure, or repossession | Certificate of sale, foreclosure documents, sheriff/notary returns if applicable, mortgage cancellation, OR/CR |
| Missing OR/CR | Affidavit of loss, certified true copy, LTO record confirmation |
| Engine/chassis issue | PNP-HPG clearance, macro-etching, proof of lawful engine/chassis replacement, LTO approval |
Practical Timelines and Bottlenecks
| Step | Typical bottleneck |
|---|---|
| Deed preparation and notarization | Seller unavailable, wrong IDs, mismatched signatures |
| PNP-HPG clearance | Long queue, engine/chassis hard to locate, alarm or mismatch |
| LTO inspection | Stencil issues, MVIR backlog, branch queue |
| Record confirmation | Mother file in another district office, old records not migrated |
| Encumbrance cancellation | Bank release delay, Registry of Deeds cancellation |
| Estate transfer | Heirs disagree, publication time, BIR estate tax requirements |
| Company sale | Missing Secretary’s Certificate or wrong authorized signatory |
The fastest transfers are those where the seller is the registered owner, the CR is clean, the deed is properly notarized, the vehicle numbers match, and the PNP-HPG clearance is clean.
The slowest are usually open-deed chains, deceased registered owners, encumbered vehicles, vehicles with missing mother files, and vehicles with engine or chassis discrepancies.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I transfer ownership without the seller appearing at the LTO?
Often, yes, if you have a complete notarized Deed of Sale, seller IDs, and all required documents. But if there are discrepancies, missing documents, a representative signing, or suspected fraud, the LTO may require additional proof, an SPA, or personal appearance.
Is a notarized Deed of Sale enough to prove I own the car?
It helps prove the sale between buyer and seller, and the Civil Code recognizes delivery through a public instrument in proper cases. But for motor vehicles, you still need LTO transfer because the public registration record affects liability, renewal, enforcement, and third-party claims. (Lawphil)
What happens if I do not transfer the vehicle to my name?
You may face renewal problems, PNP-HPG clearance issues, resale problems, insurance issues, and possible suspicion under anti-carnapping rules. The seller may also remain exposed under the registered owner rule if the vehicle is involved in an accident or violation. (Supreme Court E-Library)
Is there a penalty for late transfer of ownership?
Yes, penalties can apply depending on the vehicle type, timing, and LTO rule being enforced. For motorcycles, RA 12209 provides a fine of not more than ₱5,000 for failure of the dealer, original owner, or new owner to comply with the reporting and transfer requirements. (Supreme Court E-Library)
Can I sell a vehicle that is not yet transferred to my name?
You can physically sell possession, but it is legally messy and risky. The next buyer may have trouble proving the chain of ownership, and the registered owner may still be exposed. The safer step is to transfer it to your name first, then execute a clean deed to the next buyer.
What if the registered owner died years ago?
Use estate transfer documents. If there are multiple heirs, they generally need to settle the estate and authorize the sale or transfer. For extrajudicial settlement, publication and proper participation or notice are important under Rule 74. BIR clearance may also be required for motor vehicles as registrable estate property. (Supreme Court E-Library)
What if the vehicle has an encumbered CR but the loan is already paid?
Ask the bank or financing company for the release or cancellation documents. Then process cancellation of the chattel mortgage notation as required. A fully paid loan does not automatically erase the encumbrance from LTO records.
What if the seller is abroad?
The seller can usually execute a Deed of Sale or SPA through a Philippine embassy or consulate. Consular notarization is commonly used for private documents such as SPAs and deeds of sale intended for use in the Philippines. (Philippine Embassy)
Can I file a small claims case for LTO transfer problems?
Only if your claim is for money, such as refund, reimbursement, or unpaid amounts, and it falls within small claims rules. If you need the seller to sign documents or perform an obligation, the usual remedy is not small claims but a civil action such as specific performance, possibly after barangay conciliation if required. (Supreme Court of the Philippines)
Should I use a fixer to speed up the transfer?
No. Fixers create bigger risks: fake clearances, unofficial payments, invalid documents, and possible exposure to criminal or administrative problems. The safer approach is to identify the exact missing document, get the proper PNP-HPG and LTO clearances, and keep official receipts.
Key Takeaways
- A notarized Deed of Sale may prove the private sale, but LTO transfer is still essential for public registration, renewal, enforcement, and liability.
- The registered owner rule can expose the person named on the CR even after an unregistered sale.
- For motorcycles, RA 12209 now clearly requires seller reporting within 5 working days and buyer transfer within 20 working days, with a fine of up to ₱5,000 for noncompliance.
- Most transfer problems come from open deeds, missing seller IDs, encumbrances, deceased owners, missing OR/CR, mother file issues, or engine/chassis mismatches.
- Encumbered vehicles need proper mortgage release or cancellation documents; “fully paid” is not enough if the CR still shows an encumbrance.
- If the seller is abroad, use a proper consularized SPA or deed.
- If the owner is deceased, settle the estate first and secure BIR clearance if required.
- If the seller refuses to cooperate, document the demand, consider barangay conciliation when required, and use the correct court remedy for specific performance, rescission, damages, or money claims.