A Philippine Legal Article

I. Introduction

Constitutional law is the branch of law that deals with the Constitution, the structure of government, the distribution of governmental powers, the limitations on those powers, and the protection of fundamental rights. In the Philippines, constitutional law is primarily based on the 1987 Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land.

It answers the most basic legal questions in the State:

What is the Philippines as a State?
Who holds sovereign power?
What are the powers of government?
How are those powers divided?
What rights do individuals have against the government?
What limits exist on Congress, the President, courts, administrative agencies, local governments, and public officers?
How may the Constitution be changed?
What happens when ordinary laws conflict with the Constitution?

The core principle is simple:

Constitutional law governs the organization, powers, duties, and limitations of the Philippine government, and protects the rights of the people under the supreme authority of the Constitution.

II. Meaning of Constitutional Law

Constitutional law is the body of rules, doctrines, principles, and decisions that interpret and apply the Constitution.

It includes:

the text of the Constitution;
Supreme Court decisions interpreting the Constitution;
doctrines on governmental powers;
principles on civil liberties;
rules on separation of powers;
rules on checks and balances;
rules on elections and public office;
doctrines on judicial review;
rules on constitutional commissions;
doctrines on local autonomy;
principles on social justice and national economy;
rules on amendment and revision.

Constitutional law is not limited to memorizing constitutional provisions. It is about understanding how the Constitution operates in actual legal disputes.

III. The Constitution as the Supreme Law

The Constitution is the highest law in the Philippines. All other laws, rules, regulations, executive acts, ordinances, contracts involving public power, and official actions must conform to it.

If an ordinary law conflicts with the Constitution, the Constitution prevails. This is the doctrine of constitutional supremacy.

For example:

Congress cannot pass a law that violates due process.
The President cannot issue an order that violates constitutional rights.
A local government cannot pass an ordinance that contradicts constitutional guarantees.
A court cannot enforce a rule inconsistent with the Constitution.
An administrative agency cannot exceed constitutional limits.

The Constitution is superior because it is the fundamental expression of the people’s sovereign will.

IV. The Constitution as Fundamental Law

The Constitution is called fundamental law because it establishes the basic legal framework of the State. It is not an ordinary statute.

It does several things:

creates and organizes government;
grants powers to government;
limits those powers;
protects rights;
defines national principles;
sets rules on citizenship;
establishes constitutional commissions;
provides rules on accountability;
recognizes local autonomy;
sets rules for amendment or revision.

Without the Constitution, ordinary government institutions would have no ultimate legal foundation.

V. The Philippine Constitutional System

The Philippines operates under a constitutional, republican, democratic, and unitary system.

A. Constitutional

Government powers are limited by the Constitution.

B. Republican

Public office is a public trust, and officials derive authority from the people.

C. Democratic

The people participate through elections, rights, representation, and constitutional processes.

D. Unitary

The Philippines is one sovereign State. Local governments have autonomy, but they are not separate sovereign states.

E. Presidential

The President is both head of State and head of government, elected separately from Congress.

F. Separation of Powers

Legislative, executive, and judicial powers are distributed among separate departments.

VI. Sovereignty of the People

A basic principle of Philippine constitutional law is that sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.

This means:

public officials are not the source of power;
government exists for the people;
the people elect representatives;
the people may amend or revise the Constitution through prescribed processes;
public office is a trust;
government power must be exercised for public good.

Sovereignty is the ultimate authority of the State. In a democracy, that authority belongs to the people.

VII. The State in Constitutional Law

A State is commonly understood as having four elements:

people;
territory;
government;
sovereignty.

A. People

The inhabitants or population of the State.

B. Territory

The land, waters, airspace, and other areas subject to Philippine sovereignty or jurisdiction under the Constitution and international law.

C. Government

The agency through which the State expresses its will, enforces laws, and performs public functions.

D. Sovereignty

The supreme authority of the State internally and its independence externally.

Constitutional law studies how these elements are recognized and protected.

VIII. The 1987 Philippine Constitution

The 1987 Constitution is the present Constitution of the Philippines. It was adopted after the 1986 People Power Revolution and reflects strong commitments to democratic government, human rights, accountability, social justice, local autonomy, and checks against authoritarianism.

Its major parts include:

National Territory;
Declaration of Principles and State Policies;
Bill of Rights;
Citizenship;
Suffrage;
Legislative Department;
Executive Department;
Judicial Department;
Constitutional Commissions;
Local Government;
Accountability of Public Officers;
National Economy and Patrimony;
Social Justice and Human Rights;
Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports;
The Family;
General Provisions;
Amendments or Revisions;
Transitory Provisions.

Each article has legal significance.

IX. Constitutional Law and Ordinary Law

Ordinary laws are enacted by Congress. They must be consistent with the Constitution.

Examples of ordinary laws include:

Civil Code provisions;
Revised Penal Code provisions;
Labor Code provisions;
tax laws;
local government laws;
election laws;
corporation laws;
administrative laws;
criminal procedure laws.

Constitutional law governs whether these laws are valid when challenged under the Constitution.

X. Constitutional Law and Statutory Law

Statutory law is law enacted by Congress. Constitutional law is higher than statutory law.

If a statute conflicts with the Constitution, courts may declare it unconstitutional.

Example:

If Congress passes a law allowing warrantless arrests without constitutional safeguards, the courts may strike it down for violating the Bill of Rights.

XI. Constitutional Law and Administrative Law

Administrative agencies implement laws. They may issue rules and regulations. However, administrative agencies are creatures of law and cannot violate the Constitution.

Administrative rules may be invalid if they:

exceed statutory authority;
violate due process;
deny equal protection;
impair constitutional rights;
encroach on legislative or judicial powers;
contradict the Constitution.

Constitutional law therefore controls administrative action.

XII. Constitutional Law and Criminal Law

Criminal law defines crimes and penalties, but constitutional law protects accused persons and limits criminal enforcement.

Constitutional protections include:

due process;
presumption of innocence;
right against unreasonable searches and seizures;
right against self-incrimination;
right to counsel;
right to speedy trial;
right to bail, except in proper cases;
protection against double jeopardy;
prohibition against ex post facto laws;
prohibition against cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment.

Thus, criminal law cannot operate outside constitutional limits.

XIII. Constitutional Law and Civil Law

Civil law governs private relations such as contracts, property, family, obligations, succession, and damages. Constitutional law may still apply when private rights intersect with public power or constitutional policies.

Examples:

property rights are protected by due process;
contracts may be affected by police power;
marriage and family are constitutionally protected institutions;
property may be taken only with just compensation;
equal protection may affect laws governing family or property relations.

Constitutional law gives the broader framework within which civil law operates.

XIV. Constitutional Law and Labor Law

Labor law protects workers and regulates employment. Constitutional law provides the foundation for labor protection through social justice and protection to labor.

Philippine constitutional law recognizes:

protection to labor;
full employment as a policy goal;
humane conditions of work;
living wage;
security of tenure;
collective bargaining;
peaceful concerted activities;
shared responsibility between workers and employers.

Labor statutes must be interpreted within constitutional commitments to social justice and protection to labor.

XV. Constitutional Law and Taxation

Taxation is an inherent power of the State, but it is limited by the Constitution.

Constitutional limits include:

due process;
equal protection;
uniformity and equity in taxation;
public purpose;
non-impairment concerns in limited contexts;
exemptions for certain religious, charitable, or educational properties;
requirement that tax measures originate from the House of Representatives in certain cases;
local government taxing power under Article X;
prohibition against using public funds for religious purposes except constitutionally allowed cases.

Constitutional law determines whether a tax law is valid.

XVI. Constitutional Law and Local Government

The Constitution recognizes local autonomy. Local governments are political subdivisions, but they enjoy constitutionally protected powers and responsibilities.

Constitutional law covers:

provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays;
autonomous regions;
local autonomy;
local taxing power;
local share in national taxes;
creation, division, merger, abolition, or alteration of LGUs;
plebiscite requirements;
supervision of the President over LGUs;
powers of local legislative bodies;
accountability of local officials.

Local autonomy is not independence from the national government, but it limits excessive central control.

XVII. Constitutional Law and International Law

The Constitution recognizes generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land. It also governs treaties, foreign relations, national territory, war powers, diplomatic relations, and the role of the President and Senate in treaty-making.

Constitutional law addresses:

treaty concurrence;
executive agreements;
foreign military bases, troops, or facilities;
diplomatic immunity;
international human rights norms;
territorial disputes;
maritime zones;
obligations under international law.

However, international obligations must operate within the constitutional framework.

XVIII. Main Subjects of Constitutional Law

Philippine constitutional law is commonly divided into major subjects:

political law and constitutional structure;
bill of rights and civil liberties;
powers of government;
judicial review;
citizenship;
suffrage and elections;
public officers;
constitutional commissions;
local governments;
national economy and patrimony;
social justice and human rights;
amendment and revision of the Constitution.

These topics are interconnected.

XIX. Separation of Powers

Separation of powers means that governmental powers are divided among three main branches:

legislative power belongs to Congress;
executive power belongs to the President;
judicial power belongs to the courts.

The purpose is to prevent concentration of power in one branch.

A. Legislative Power

The power to make, amend, and repeal laws.

B. Executive Power

The power to enforce and administer laws.

C. Judicial Power

The power to settle actual controversies and determine whether government acts violate the Constitution.

Each branch has its own constitutional sphere.

XX. Checks and Balances

Separation of powers is balanced by checks and balances. Each branch has ways to check the others.

Examples:

Congress enacts laws, but the President may veto bills.
Congress may override a presidential veto by the required vote.
The President appoints certain officials, but some appointments need confirmation.
Courts may declare laws or executive acts unconstitutional.
Congress controls appropriations.
The President executes the budget but cannot spend without appropriation.
The Supreme Court may review grave abuse of discretion.
Congress may conduct inquiries in aid of legislation.
Impeachable officers may be removed through impeachment.
Constitutional commissions operate independently in their own spheres.

Checks and balances prevent abuse.

XXI. The Legislative Department

The Philippine Congress is composed of:

the Senate; and
the House of Representatives.

Congress has legislative power. It enacts laws, approves budgets, grants franchises, conducts investigations in aid of legislation, and performs other constitutional functions.

Constitutional law studies:

qualifications of legislators;
elections and terms;
legislative privileges;
quorum and voting;
lawmaking process;
limitations on legislation;
appropriation powers;
impeachment role;
congressional oversight;
party-list representation.

Congress is powerful but constitutionally limited.

XXII. The Executive Department

The President exercises executive power. The President is responsible for enforcing laws, controlling executive departments, conducting foreign affairs, acting as commander-in-chief, appointing officials, and performing other constitutional duties.

Constitutional law covers:

qualifications of the President;
election and term;
presidential powers;
control over executive departments;
supervision over local governments;
commander-in-chief powers;
pardoning power;
appointment power;
treaty and foreign affairs powers;
emergency powers;
limits on martial law and suspension of privilege of writ of habeas corpus.

The President is not above the Constitution.

XXIII. The Judicial Department

Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by law.

Judicial power includes:

settling actual controversies involving rights;
determining grave abuse of discretion by any branch or instrumentality of government.

The Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the Constitution in actual cases.

Constitutional law covers:

judicial review;
jurisdiction;
independence of the judiciary;
fiscal autonomy;
appointment and discipline of judges;
constitutional limitations on courts;
power to promulgate rules;
writs and remedies;
expanded judicial power;
protection of constitutional rights.

XXIV. Judicial Review

Judicial review is the power of courts to determine whether a law, executive act, administrative rule, ordinance, or government action is constitutional.

If unconstitutional, the court may declare it void.

Judicial review is essential because the Constitution would be weak if no institution could enforce its limits.

XXV. Requisites of Judicial Review

Courts generally exercise judicial review when the following are present:

an actual case or controversy;
proper party or legal standing;
constitutional question raised at the earliest opportunity;
constitutional question is necessary to decide the case.

These requirements prevent courts from issuing advisory opinions on abstract questions.

XXVI. Actual Case or Controversy

An actual case or controversy means a real dispute involving legally demandable and enforceable rights. Courts do not decide hypothetical or academic questions.

Example:

A person actually affected by a law may challenge it. A person merely curious about a law usually cannot.

XXVII. Legal Standing

Legal standing means the person challenging a law or government act must have sufficient personal interest or injury.

A party may have standing if they are:

directly affected;
taxpayers in proper cases;
voters in election cases;
legislators in institutional injury cases;
citizens in matters of transcendental importance, where allowed.

Standing rules ensure that courts decide concrete disputes.

XXVIII. Facial Challenge and As-Applied Challenge

A constitutional challenge may be:

facial, meaning the law is attacked as unconstitutional on its face; or
as-applied, meaning the law is unconstitutional as applied to the specific facts.

Facial challenges are more common in free speech cases because vague or overbroad laws may chill expression.

XXIX. Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance

Courts generally avoid deciding constitutional questions if the case can be resolved on another ground.

This reflects respect for the political branches and the seriousness of declaring laws unconstitutional.

XXX. Presumption of Constitutionality

Laws are generally presumed constitutional. The party challenging the law must show clear constitutional violation.

This presumption respects Congress as a co-equal branch. However, when fundamental rights are burdened, courts may apply stricter review.

XXXI. The Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is Article III of the 1987 Constitution. It protects individuals against government abuse.

It includes rights such as:

due process;
equal protection;
freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures;
privacy of communication;
freedom of speech;
freedom of religion;
liberty of abode and travel;
right to information;
freedom of association;
just compensation for taking of property;
non-impairment of contracts;
free access to courts;
rights of the accused;
privilege against self-incrimination;
right against involuntary servitude;
protection against excessive fines and cruel punishment;
protection against imprisonment for debt;
protection against double jeopardy;
prohibition against ex post facto laws and bills of attainder.

The Bill of Rights is central to constitutional law.

XXXII. State Action Requirement

The Bill of Rights generally protects individuals from government action. It restrains the State.

However, constitutional values may influence private relationships through statutes, labor law, civil law, human rights law, and judicial interpretation.

For example, a private employer is not Congress or the President, but labor law and constitutional policy may still protect employees from abusive practices.

XXXIII. Due Process

Due process means that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

There are two forms:

substantive due process;
procedural due process.

A. Substantive Due Process

The law or government action must be fair, reasonable, and not arbitrary.

B. Procedural Due Process

The person affected must be given proper notice and opportunity to be heard when required.

Due process applies in criminal, civil, administrative, and regulatory contexts.

XXXIV. Equal Protection

Equal protection means persons similarly situated should be treated alike, and differences in treatment must rest on valid classification.

A valid classification generally requires:

substantial distinctions;
relevance to the purpose of the law;
applicability to present and future conditions;
equal application to all members of the same class.

Equal protection does not prohibit all classifications. It prohibits unreasonable, arbitrary, or discriminatory classifications.

XXXV. Freedom of Speech and Expression

Freedom of speech protects the right to speak, write, publish, protest, criticize government, receive information, and participate in public debate.

It covers:

political speech;
press freedom;
symbolic speech;
artistic expression;
online expression;
academic expression;
peaceful protest;
criticism of public officials.

Speech may be regulated in limited cases, such as libel, obscenity, true threats, incitement, national security concerns, or time-place-manner restrictions. But restrictions must comply with constitutional standards.

XXXVI. Freedom of the Press

Freedom of the press protects media from prior restraint, censorship, and undue punishment for legitimate reporting and commentary.

It is important because democracy requires public access to information and criticism of government.

However, press freedom does not immunize media from liability for defamation, invasion of privacy, contempt, or other unlawful acts, subject to constitutional limits.

XXXVII. Prior Restraint

Prior restraint means government action that prevents speech before it is expressed.

Examples:

censorship;
permit denial based on content;
publication ban;
broadcast suppression;
order prohibiting criticism before it occurs.

Prior restraint is generally viewed with strong suspicion because it suppresses speech before public debate can happen.

XXXVIII. Freedom of Religion

Freedom of religion has two aspects:

freedom to believe;
freedom to act according to belief, subject to law.

Belief is absolute. Conduct may be regulated when necessary to protect public safety, order, health, morals, or rights of others.

The Constitution also prohibits establishment of religion. Government must not prefer one religion over another or compel religious belief.

XXXIX. Non-Establishment Clause

The non-establishment principle means the State cannot establish an official religion, favor one religion, or use public power to impose religious belief.

However, the Constitution also recognizes free exercise of religion. The State must respect religious freedom while maintaining neutrality.

XL. Search and Seizure

The Constitution protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures. Generally, a search warrant or warrant of arrest must be issued by a judge upon probable cause, personally determined, and particularly describing the place to be searched and persons or things to be seized.

This protects privacy, liberty, and property.

There are recognized exceptions, but warrantless searches and arrests are strictly examined.

XLI. Privacy of Communication

The Constitution protects privacy of communication and correspondence. Government cannot intrude into private communications except upon lawful court order or when public safety or order requires as prescribed by law.

This principle is important in wiretapping, surveillance, digital privacy, phone records, emails, and electronic communications.

XLII. Right to Information

The people have the right to information on matters of public concern, subject to limitations provided by law.

This supports transparency and accountability.

It may cover access to:

official records;
public documents;
government contracts;
policies;
public transactions;
government data involving public concern.

Limitations may involve national security, privacy, trade secrets, privileged communications, and ongoing investigations.

XLIII. Right to Travel

The liberty of abode and right to travel are constitutionally protected.

The right to travel may be impaired only in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.

This right is relevant in hold departure orders, watchlist orders, immigration restrictions, quarantine measures, and criminal cases.

XLIV. Eminent Domain

Eminent domain is the power of the State to take private property for public use upon payment of just compensation.

Constitutional requirements include:

taking of private property;
public use or public purpose;
payment of just compensation;
due process.

Examples include land acquisition for roads, schools, airports, public utilities, and infrastructure.

The government may take property, but it must pay just compensation.

XLV. Police Power

Police power is the power of the State to regulate liberty and property to promote public health, safety, morals, and general welfare.

It is the broadest inherent power of the State.

Examples:

zoning laws;
public health regulations;
traffic rules;
environmental regulations;
labor standards;
business permits;
consumer protection;
quarantine rules;
price regulation in proper cases;
public safety laws.

Police power must still comply with due process and equal protection.

XLVI. Taxation Power

Taxation is the power of the State to raise revenue for public purposes.

It is essential because government cannot operate without funds.

However, taxation must comply with constitutional limits such as due process, equal protection, uniformity, equity, and public purpose.

XLVII. The Three Inherent Powers of the State

Constitutional law often discusses three inherent powers:

police power;
eminent domain;
taxation.

These powers exist because the State needs them to govern. But they are limited by the Constitution.

A. Police Power

Regulates for public welfare.

B. Eminent Domain

Takes property for public use with compensation.

C. Taxation

Raises revenue for public purposes.

XLVIII. Rights of the Accused

The Constitution protects persons accused of crimes.

Rights include:

presumption of innocence;
right to be heard by counsel;
right to be informed of the nature and cause of accusation;
right to speedy, impartial, and public trial;
right to meet witnesses face to face;
right to compulsory process;
right against self-incrimination;
right against double jeopardy;
right to bail, except in proper cases;
right against cruel punishment.

These rights ensure that criminal justice respects human dignity and fairness.

XLIX. Custodial Investigation Rights

A person under custodial investigation has rights including:

right to remain silent;
right to competent and independent counsel;
right to be informed of these rights;
protection against force, intimidation, or coercion;
inadmissibility of uncounseled or coerced confessions.

These rights prevent abusive interrogation and false confessions.

L. Right Against Self-Incrimination

No person may be compelled to be a witness against themselves.

This protects against forced testimonial admissions. It applies in criminal proceedings and in certain other proceedings where answers may incriminate the person.

LI. Right to Bail

Bail protects liberty before conviction. As a rule, persons charged with offenses are entitled to bail, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, subject to constitutional and procedural rules.

Bail balances the presumption of innocence with the need to ensure appearance at trial.

LII. Double Jeopardy

Double jeopardy protects a person from being tried or punished twice for the same offense after acquittal, conviction, or dismissal without consent under proper conditions.

It prevents government from repeatedly prosecuting a person until it obtains a conviction.

LIII. Non-Impairment of Contracts

The Constitution prohibits laws impairing the obligation of contracts.

However, this protection is not absolute. Contracts may be affected by police power when public welfare requires reasonable regulation.

For example, labor laws, rent laws, banking regulations, and public utility rules may affect contracts if justified by public interest.

LIV. Free Access to Courts

The Constitution provides that free access to courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied by reason of poverty.

This supports equal justice. A person should not lose rights simply because they cannot afford legal services or court costs.

LV. Citizenship

Constitutional law defines who are citizens of the Philippines.

Citizenship is important because it affects:

political rights;
voting;
public office;
land ownership;
national economy restrictions;
passports;
diplomatic protection;
immigration status;
allegiance to the State.

The Constitution recognizes citizens by birth, descent, election in proper cases, and naturalization.

LVI. Natural-Born Citizens

Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect citizenship.

Natural-born citizenship is required for certain public offices, including President, Vice President, Senator, Member of the House of Representatives, and members of certain constitutional bodies.

LVII. Dual Citizenship and Dual Allegiance

Constitutional law distinguishes between dual citizenship and dual allegiance.

Dual citizenship may arise from the concurrent application of different countries’ laws. Dual allegiance, on the other hand, involves allegiance to more than one State and is considered contrary to national interest.

The legal treatment depends on statutes and constitutional principles.

LVIII. Suffrage

Suffrage is the right to vote. It is both a political right and a mechanism of democracy.

The Constitution sets basic qualifications for voters and protects the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot.

Constitutional law covers:

voter qualifications;
disqualifications;
absentee voting;
election laws;
party-list system;
campaign regulation;
election protests;
constitutional limits on political dynasties and parties;
role of the Commission on Elections.

LIX. Elections and Democracy

Elections allow the people to choose public officials and hold them accountable.

Constitutional law protects elections by requiring:

regular elections;
free and honest voting;
independent election commission;
equal protection in election rules;
regulation of campaign practices;
protection against fraud and coercion;
judicial remedies in election disputes.

Democracy requires both voting and meaningful civil liberties.

LX. Public Office Is a Public Trust

The Constitution states that public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must serve with responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency.

This principle means:

officials are accountable to the people;
office is not private property;
power must be used for public good;
corruption violates constitutional duty;
public service requires transparency and ethics.

This principle underlies impeachment, administrative discipline, anti-graft laws, and public accountability.

LXI. Accountability of Public Officers

The Constitution provides mechanisms for accountability, including:

impeachment;
Ombudsman investigations;
Sandiganbayan jurisdiction;
civil service discipline;
statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth;
anti-graft enforcement;
public disclosure rules;
prohibition against conflicts of interest;
rules on public funds;
ethical standards.

Constitutional government requires accountable officials.

LXII. Impeachment

Impeachment is the constitutional process for removing certain high officials for serious offenses.

Impeachable officers include:

President;
Vice President;
Members of the Supreme Court;
Members of Constitutional Commissions;
Ombudsman.

Grounds include culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust.

The House of Representatives initiates impeachment, and the Senate tries and decides the case.

LXIII. Constitutional Commissions

The 1987 Constitution creates independent constitutional commissions:

Civil Service Commission;
Commission on Elections;
Commission on Audit.

These bodies are independent because they protect key democratic and administrative functions.

A. Civil Service Commission

Oversees the civil service and merit system.

B. Commission on Elections

Administers and enforces election laws.

C. Commission on Audit

Examines and audits government funds and property.

Their independence helps prevent political interference.

LXIV. The Ombudsman

The Ombudsman investigates and prosecutes certain acts of public officers, especially corruption and misconduct.

The Ombudsman promotes accountability and responds to complaints against public officials.

Constitutional law studies the Ombudsman’s independence, jurisdiction, powers, and limits.

LXV. Civil Service

The civil service includes branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies of the government, including government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters.

Constitutional principles include:

merit and fitness;
competitive examination where applicable;
security of tenure;
political neutrality;
accountability;
prohibition against electioneering by civil servants;
standardization of compensation;
discipline according to law.

Government employment is governed by constitutional norms.

LXVI. National Economy and Patrimony

The Constitution contains provisions on the national economy and patrimony.

These address:

national economy under Filipino control in certain sectors;
ownership of land;
natural resources;
public utilities;
franchises;
monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade;
protection of Filipino enterprises;
foreign investment limits;
marine wealth;
public lands.

Constitutional law determines how economic policy is limited by national patrimony provisions.

LXVII. Public Utilities and Nationality Restrictions

The Constitution imposes nationality requirements in certain areas involving public utilities and national patrimony.

These rules seek to ensure Filipino control over strategic economic sectors, subject to laws and constitutional interpretation.

The precise scope of public utility and related concepts may depend on statutes and judicial decisions.

LXVIII. Natural Resources

Natural resources belong to the State. Their exploration, development, and utilization are subject to constitutional restrictions and State supervision.

This includes:

lands of the public domain;
waters;
minerals;
coal;
petroleum;
forests;
fisheries;
wildlife;
other natural resources.

The Constitution protects national patrimony and regulates private exploitation.

LXIX. Social Justice

Social justice is a major theme of the 1987 Constitution. It requires the State to reduce social, economic, and political inequalities and remove cultural inequities.

Constitutional law recognizes social justice in areas such as:

labor;
agrarian reform;
urban land reform;
housing;
health;
women;
indigenous peoples;
human rights;
education;
economic opportunity.

Social justice does not abolish property rights, but it requires law to consider fairness and protection for disadvantaged sectors.

LXX. Human Rights

The Constitution recognizes human rights through the Bill of Rights and through the creation of institutions such as the Commission on Human Rights.

Human rights include:

civil rights;
political rights;
social rights;
economic rights;
cultural rights;
rights of vulnerable sectors.

The State must respect, protect, and fulfill human rights within constitutional and legal frameworks.

LXXI. Commission on Human Rights

The Commission on Human Rights is an independent office tasked with investigating human rights violations involving civil and political rights, among other functions.

It promotes human rights education, monitoring, and recommendations.

Its powers are important but not the same as a court. It investigates and recommends; courts adjudicate and impose binding judgments.

LXXII. Education, Science, Arts, Culture, and Sports

The Constitution includes provisions on education and culture.

It recognizes:

right to quality education;
State support for education;
academic freedom;
Filipino and English as official languages;
national language development;
science and technology;
arts and culture;
sports development;
rights of teachers and academic institutions;
religious instruction under certain conditions.

Constitutional law therefore extends beyond courts and elections into national development.

LXXIII. The Family

The Constitution recognizes the family as the foundation of the nation and protects marriage as an inviolable social institution.

Constitutional family provisions influence laws on:

marriage;
parenthood;
children’s rights;
family solidarity;
youth welfare;
maternal protection;
family living wage policies;
social services.

These provisions are interpreted together with family law and statutes.

LXXIV. Local Autonomy

Local autonomy means local governments have meaningful authority to manage local affairs.

It includes:

administrative autonomy;
fiscal autonomy;
local legislation;
local taxation;
delivery of basic services;
local accountability;
local elections;
local development planning.

However, local autonomy does not make LGUs sovereign. The President exercises general supervision, not control, over local governments.

LXXV. Autonomous Regions

The Constitution provides for autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras, subject to constitutional and statutory processes.

Autonomy recognizes distinctive historical, cultural, and social conditions.

Autonomous regions may have powers over local governance, subject to the Constitution and organic laws.

LXXVI. Amendment and Revision

The Constitution may be changed through amendment or revision.

A. Amendment

A change affecting specific provisions without altering the basic structure.

B. Revision

A more fundamental change affecting the structure or underlying principles of government.

The distinction matters because constitutional procedures may differ.

LXXVII. Modes of Changing the Constitution

The Constitution may be amended or revised through prescribed methods, such as:

Congress acting as a constituent assembly;
constitutional convention;
people’s initiative for amendments, subject to constitutional and legal requirements.

Changes must be ratified by the people in a plebiscite.

The people remain the ultimate source of constitutional change.

LXXVIII. Constitutional Interpretation

Constitutional interpretation is the process of determining the meaning of constitutional text.

Courts may consider:

plain meaning;
intent of framers;
structure of the Constitution;
history;
purpose;
precedent;
consequences;
harmonization with other provisions;
constitutional values;
democratic principles.

No single method answers every issue. Courts often combine methods.

LXXIX. Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Provisions

Some constitutional provisions are self-executing, meaning they can be applied without further legislation.

Others are non-self-executing, meaning they require implementing laws before they can be enforced.

Example:

A broad State policy may guide legislation but may not create a directly enforceable right without implementing law.

The distinction affects litigation.

LXXX. Declaration of Principles and State Policies

Article II contains principles and policies that guide government.

Some provisions are enforceable; others are policy guides. They influence legislation, judicial interpretation, and administrative action.

Examples include:

democratic and republican State;
renunciation of war;
civilian supremacy;
separation of Church and State;
social justice;
protection of labor;
family protection;
youth development;
environmental protection;
independent foreign policy.

These provisions express the constitutional philosophy of the State.

LXXXI. Civilian Supremacy

Civilian authority is supreme over the military. The Armed Forces are the protector of the people and the State, but they remain subordinate to civilian authority.

This principle guards against military rule.

LXXXII. Separation of Church and State

The Constitution recognizes separation of Church and State. Government cannot establish a religion or control religious belief, and religious institutions cannot wield State power.

However, religious freedom is protected.

This balance preserves both secular governance and religious liberty.

LXXXIII. Independent Foreign Policy

The Constitution requires the State to pursue an independent foreign policy, with paramount consideration given to national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination.

This guides foreign relations, treaties, defense agreements, and international commitments.

LXXXIV. Environmental Rights

The Constitution recognizes the people’s right to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

This has become an important basis for environmental protection cases and remedies.

Environmental constitutional law connects public health, natural resources, intergenerational responsibility, and State duty.

LXXXV. The Writ of Kalikasan

The writ of kalikasan is a judicial remedy for environmental damage of such magnitude as to prejudice life, health, or property of inhabitants in two or more cities or provinces.

It reflects the constitutional right to a balanced and healthful ecology.

LXXXVI. The Writ of Amparo

The writ of amparo is a remedy for persons whose right to life, liberty, or security is violated or threatened by unlawful acts or omissions of public officials or private individuals in certain contexts.

It is important in cases involving enforced disappearances, extralegal killings, threats, and serious security violations.

LXXXVII. The Writ of Habeas Data

The writ of habeas data protects privacy rights involving life, liberty, or security, especially when personal information is collected, stored, or used unlawfully.

It is relevant in surveillance, dossiers, data misuse, and threats to personal security.

LXXXVIII. Habeas Corpus

The writ of habeas corpus protects against unlawful detention. It requires the custodian to justify the detention before a court.

It is one of the oldest and most important safeguards of liberty.

LXXXIX. Martial Law

The President, as commander-in-chief, may place the Philippines or any part under martial law under constitutional conditions, such as invasion or rebellion when public safety requires it.

The 1987 Constitution imposes safeguards:

time limitation;
report to Congress;
congressional review;
judicial review;
no suspension of the Constitution;
no supplanting of civil courts or legislative assemblies;
no automatic suspension of privilege of writ of habeas corpus;
protection of rights.

These safeguards respond to historical abuses.

XC. Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus

The privilege of the writ may be suspended under constitutional conditions, but suspension does not eliminate all rights. It applies only to persons judicially charged for rebellion or offenses inherent in or directly connected with invasion, subject to constitutional rules.

The Constitution limits this extraordinary power.

XCI. Emergency Powers

In times of war or national emergency, Congress may authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to restrictions, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy.

Emergency powers must come from Congress and are limited by the Constitution.

XCII. Delegation of Powers

As a rule, Congress cannot delegate legislative power. However, certain delegations are allowed when accompanied by sufficient standards.

Examples include:

tariff powers;
emergency powers;
administrative rulemaking;
local legislation;
implementation of statutes.

The non-delegation doctrine prevents Congress from surrendering its essential lawmaking function.

XCIII. Executive Power and Control

The President has control over executive departments, bureaus, and offices. Control means the power to alter, modify, nullify, or set aside acts of subordinates and substitute the President’s judgment.

This differs from supervision over local governments, which generally means ensuring that laws are faithfully executed.

XCIV. Appointment Power

The President appoints many public officers, subject to constitutional rules. Some appointments require confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.

Constitutional law addresses:

who may be appointed;
confirmation requirements;
ad interim appointments;
midnight appointment restrictions;
appointments in the judiciary;
limitations on nepotism or disqualification;
security of tenure.

XCV. Pardoning Power

The President may grant reprieves, commutations, pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, subject to constitutional exceptions.

The President may also grant amnesty with concurrence of Congress.

Pardon is executive clemency; it does not erase all historical facts but may affect penalties and disabilities.

XCVI. Budget and Appropriations

No public money may be paid out of the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.

Constitutional law governs:

national budget process;
appropriation bills;
presidential veto;
special funds;
public purpose requirement;
limits on transfer of appropriations;
fiscal accountability;
congressional power of the purse.

The budget is a constitutional tool of governance.

XCVII. Public Funds and Public Purpose

Public funds must be used for public purposes. Government cannot spend public money for purely private benefit.

This principle limits appropriations, subsidies, grants, and disbursements.

XCVIII. Constitutional Remedies

When constitutional rights are violated, remedies may include:

petition for certiorari;
prohibition;
mandamus;
injunction;
declaratory relief;
habeas corpus;
amparo;
habeas data;
kalikasan;
damages;
suppression of illegally obtained evidence;
administrative or criminal complaints;
impeachment in proper cases.

The remedy depends on the right violated and the nature of government action.

XCIX. Constitutional Law in Daily Life

Constitutional law affects ordinary life more than many people realize.

It applies to:

arrests;
searches;
taxes;
public employment;
voting;
protests;
speech online;
religious freedom;
school policies;
local ordinances;
business regulations;
public transport rules;
land expropriation;
environmental protection;
access to government records;
public services;
social justice laws.

The Constitution is not only for lawyers and courts; it shapes daily governance.

C. Constitutional Law and Private Persons

The Constitution primarily limits government, but private persons may still be affected through laws implementing constitutional values.

Examples:

labor laws implement protection to labor;
anti-discrimination laws implement equality;
data privacy laws protect privacy;
civil rights laws protect dignity;
environmental laws implement ecological rights;
education laws implement constitutional education policies.

Thus, constitutional law indirectly shapes private relationships.

CI. Constitutional Law and Legal Education

In Philippine legal education, constitutional law is a core subject. It is studied because every lawyer must understand the fundamental law that governs all branches of law.

Students study:

constitutional text;
landmark cases;
doctrines;
historical context;
government powers;
civil liberties;
judicial review;
constitutional interpretation;
remedies;
political structure.

It is also a major subject in the bar examinations.

CII. Constitutional Law and Courts

Courts apply constitutional law when deciding cases involving:

validity of statutes;
legality of executive acts;
election disputes;
rights violations;
criminal procedure;
public officer accountability;
local government powers;
taxation;
eminent domain;
administrative action.

The Supreme Court plays a central role in constitutional interpretation.

CIII. Constitutional Law and Congress

Congress must legislate within constitutional limits. It cannot simply enact any law it wants.

Constitutional law governs:

legislative procedure;
subject matter limits;
rights limitations;
appropriation rules;
taxation rules;
inquiry powers;
contempt powers;
impeachment;
franchises;
delegated powers.

Congressional power is broad but not absolute.

CIV. Constitutional Law and the President

The President’s powers are great, but they are defined and limited by the Constitution.

Constitutional law controls:

executive orders;
appointments;
removals;
martial law;
foreign affairs;
pardons;
budget execution;
administrative control;
emergency powers;
commander-in-chief powers.

The President must faithfully execute the laws, including the Constitution.

CV. Constitutional Law and Administrative Agencies

Administrative agencies must follow constitutional rules even when exercising technical expertise.

They must respect:

due process;
equal protection;
statutory limits;
hearing requirements;
reasoned decisions;
non-arbitrariness;
judicial review;
public accountability.

Administrative convenience cannot override constitutional rights.

CVI. Constitutional Law and Local Governments

Local governments pass ordinances and exercise local powers, but their acts must be constitutional.

Examples:

curfew ordinances must respect liberty and due process;
local taxes must comply with constitutional and statutory limits;
demolition actions must respect due process;
business permit revocations must follow law;
local police measures must be reasonable;
zoning must serve public welfare.

Local autonomy operates within constitutional supremacy.

CVII. Constitutional Law and Public Officers

Public officers must act within constitutional authority.

They may be liable for:

grave abuse of discretion;
violation of rights;
corruption;
usurpation of authority;
neglect of duty;
misuse of public funds;
unlawful appointments;
abuse of police power.

The Constitution makes public power accountable.

CVIII. Constitutional Limits on Majority Rule

Democracy means rule by the people, but constitutional democracy is not simply majority rule. The Constitution protects rights even against majority action.

For example:

a popular law may still be unconstitutional;
a majority cannot abolish due process by ordinary statute;
rights of minorities are protected;
courts may strike down unconstitutional acts;
elections do not authorize tyranny.

Constitutional law balances democracy with rights.

CIX. Constitutional Supremacy Versus Parliamentary Supremacy

In the Philippines, Congress is not supreme. The Constitution is supreme.

This differs from systems where parliament may have ultimate legislative authority. In the Philippine system, courts may invalidate statutes that violate the Constitution.

CX. Rule of Law

Constitutional law is closely tied to the rule of law.

Rule of law means:

government acts under law;
no person is above the law;
rights are protected;
public power is limited;
laws are applied fairly;
courts are independent;
arbitrariness is restrained;
legal remedies exist.

The Constitution is the highest expression of the rule of law.

CXI. Constitutionalism

Constitutionalism is the idea that government must be limited by a higher law. It is not enough to have a written Constitution. The Constitution must actually restrain power.

Constitutionalism requires:

independent courts;
accountable officials;
respect for rights;
free elections;
separation of powers;
public participation;
transparency;
constitutional culture.

A Constitution without constitutionalism may become symbolic only.

CXII. Living Constitution Versus Fixed Meaning

Constitutional interpretation may involve tension between the original meaning of constitutional text and adaptation to modern conditions.

Some provisions are interpreted according to their original purpose. Others are applied to new realities such as digital privacy, online speech, biotechnology, environmental harm, and modern surveillance.

Constitutional law must preserve constitutional meaning while applying it to contemporary issues.

CXIII. Constitutional Law and Technology

Modern constitutional issues include:

social media speech;
online libel;
surveillance;
data privacy;
facial recognition;
cybercrime;
digital searches;
electronic evidence;
artificial intelligence in government;
online voting concerns;
platform regulation.

Traditional rights must be applied to new technologies.

CXIV. Constitutional Law and Public Health

Public health emergencies may require government restrictions, such as quarantine, vaccination policies, travel limits, business closures, or health reporting.

These measures may be valid exercises of police power, but they must still comply with:

due process;
equal protection;
reasonableness;
statutory authority;
proportionality;
respect for fundamental rights.

Public health does not erase the Constitution.

CXV. Constitutional Law and National Security

National security may justify certain government actions, but it does not grant unlimited power.

Constitutional safeguards remain important in:

surveillance;
arrests;
detention;
martial law;
anti-terrorism measures;
military operations;
travel restrictions;
classified information.

The challenge is balancing security with liberty.

CXVI. Constitutional Law and Economic Regulation

The State may regulate business under police power and economic provisions of the Constitution.

Economic regulation may involve:

price controls;
public utilities;
franchises;
foreign ownership limits;
labor standards;
banking rules;
consumer protection;
competition law;
environmental compliance;
land use.

Such regulation must serve legitimate public purposes and observe constitutional limits.

CXVII. Constitutional Law and Property

Property rights are constitutionally protected, but not absolute.

The State may regulate property through police power and take property through eminent domain with just compensation.

Constitutional property issues include:

land use;
zoning;
expropriation;
demolition;
taxation;
agrarian reform;
urban land reform;
environmental regulation;
public infrastructure;
public land classification.

Property exists within the framework of social function and public welfare.

CXVIII. Constitutional Law and Indigenous Peoples

The Constitution recognizes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development.

Issues include:

ancestral domains;
cultural integrity;
self-governance;
natural resources;
education;
representation;
free and prior informed consent under statutes;
development projects.

Constitutional law protects both national sovereignty and indigenous rights.

CXIX. Constitutional Law and Gender

The Constitution recognizes the role of women in nation-building and requires fundamental equality before the law of women and men.

This supports laws and policies involving:

anti-discrimination;
labor protection;
maternity rights;
violence against women;
equal opportunity;
political participation;
family law reforms;
reproductive health debates;
workplace equality.

Equal protection and social justice principles are central.

CXX. Constitutional Law and Children

The Constitution protects children’s rights and welfare.

It supports laws on:

child protection;
education;
juvenile justice;
adoption;
support;
custody;
protection from abuse;
labor restrictions;
trafficking prevention;
social services.

Children’s constitutional protection reflects their vulnerability and the State’s duty to promote their welfare.

CXXI. Constitutional Law and Poverty

The Constitution recognizes social justice and free access to courts. Constitutional law therefore addresses structural inequality.

Legal issues include:

access to legal aid;
informal settlers;
agrarian reform;
housing;
health care;
labor rights;
education;
public services;
social welfare;
criminal justice fairness.

Constitutional law is not only about institutions; it also concerns justice.

CXXII. Constitutional Law and Public Participation

A democratic Constitution requires meaningful public participation.

Participation happens through:

voting;
public hearings;
local governance;
people’s initiative;
free speech;
assembly;
access to information;
civil society action;
petitions;
litigation.

Public participation makes sovereignty real.

CXXIII. Common Constitutional Questions

Common questions include:

Can Congress pass this law?
Can the President issue this order?
Can police search without a warrant?
Can a person be arrested without warrant?
Can government restrict speech?
Can a local government impose this tax?
Can private property be expropriated?
Can a public officer be removed?
Can a law treat two groups differently?
Can government spend public funds this way?
Can a court review this political act?
Can a right be limited during emergency?

Constitutional law provides the framework for answering these questions.

CXXIV. Common Misconceptions

Misconception 1: Constitutional law is only about politics.

Wrong. It affects criminal cases, taxes, property, employment, education, environment, local government, and personal rights.

Misconception 2: Congress can pass any law if a majority supports it.

Wrong. Laws must comply with the Constitution.

Misconception 3: Rights are absolute.

Most rights have limits, but restrictions must meet constitutional standards.

Misconception 4: The Constitution applies only in court.

Wrong. All public officials must follow it.

Misconception 5: The Supreme Court can decide any constitutional issue anytime.

Wrong. Courts usually require an actual case or controversy.

Misconception 6: A constitutional right always applies directly against private persons.

Usually, the Bill of Rights restrains government, though constitutional values may affect private relations through statutes and doctrines.

Misconception 7: Local autonomy means local governments are independent.

Wrong. LGUs have autonomy but remain part of the unitary State.

Misconception 8: Emergency powers suspend the Constitution.

Wrong. Emergencies do not erase constitutional limits.

CXXV. Practical Importance for Citizens

Citizens should understand constitutional law because it helps them know:

their rights during arrest or search;
their right to vote;
limits of government power;
how to challenge unlawful acts;
how public funds should be used;
how officials are held accountable;
how laws are made;
how local governments operate;
how rights are protected;
how the Constitution may be changed.

A citizen who understands constitutional law is better equipped to participate in democracy.

CXXVI. Practical Importance for Public Officers

Public officers must understand constitutional law because their authority comes from the Constitution and laws.

They must know:

limits of their office;
rights of citizens;
due process requirements;
proper use of public funds;
separation of powers;
accountability rules;
lawful exercise of discretion;
transparency duties;
ethical obligations;
consequences of grave abuse.

Ignorance of constitutional limits can lead to invalid acts and liability.

CXXVII. Practical Importance for Lawyers

Lawyers use constitutional law to:

challenge invalid laws;
defend rights;
interpret statutes;
litigate criminal procedure issues;
advise public officers;
handle election cases;
protect property rights;
question administrative acts;
pursue public interest cases;
defend democratic institutions.

Constitutional law is foundational to legal practice.

CXXVIII. Practical Importance for Courts

Courts must apply constitutional law carefully because constitutional decisions affect the entire legal system.

A declaration of unconstitutionality may invalidate laws, stop government programs, affect rights, and reshape public policy.

Judicial restraint and judicial courage are both important: restraint prevents courts from overstepping; courage allows courts to defend the Constitution when necessary.

CXXIX. How Constitutional Law Develops

Constitutional law develops through:

constitutional text;
amendments or revisions;
Supreme Court decisions;
legislation implementing constitutional provisions;
historical experience;
public practice;
constitutional conventions;
legal scholarship;
international influences;
social change.

The Constitution is fixed in text but applied in changing circumstances.

CXXX. Sources of Philippine Constitutional Law

The main sources include:

the 1987 Constitution;
prior Philippine constitutions for historical context;
Supreme Court decisions;
statutes implementing constitutional provisions;
rules of court;
constitutional commission records;
international law principles recognized by the Constitution;
legal commentaries;
administrative practices, where consistent with law;
historical materials.

The Constitution remains the primary source.

CXXXI. Prior Philippine Constitutions

Philippine constitutional development includes earlier constitutional documents, such as:

the 1935 Constitution;
the 1973 Constitution;
the 1986 Freedom Constitution;
the 1987 Constitution.

Earlier constitutions help explain historical context, changes in government structure, and reasons for safeguards in the current Constitution.

CXXXII. The 1987 Constitution’s Historical Context

The 1987 Constitution was shaped by the experience of authoritarian rule, martial law, democratic restoration, and the desire to prevent concentration of power.

This explains features such as:

expanded Bill of Rights protections;
limits on martial law;
independent constitutional commissions;
strengthened judiciary;
social justice provisions;
accountability mechanisms;
term limits;
local autonomy;
human rights institutions;
checks on executive power.

Historical context matters in interpretation.

CXXXIII. Constitutional Law and Political Questions

A political question is an issue committed by the Constitution to the political branches or lacking judicially manageable standards.

However, the 1987 Constitution expanded judicial power to include review of grave abuse of discretion by any branch or instrumentality of government.

This means courts may review acts that were previously considered political if grave abuse of discretion is alleged and proper requirements are met.

CXXXIV. Grave Abuse of Discretion

Grave abuse of discretion means capricious, whimsical, arbitrary, or despotic exercise of judgment amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction.

It allows courts to check serious abuses by public officials.

This doctrine is crucial in Philippine constitutional law.

CXXXV. Constitutional Law and Democracy

Constitutional law protects democracy in two ways:

it allows majority rule through elections and representative government;
it limits majority rule through rights, judicial review, and constitutional safeguards.

A democracy without constitutional limits may become abusive. A Constitution without democracy may become authoritarian. Philippine constitutional law seeks to combine both.

CXXXVI. Constitutional Law and Human Dignity

At its deepest level, constitutional law protects human dignity. Rights such as due process, equal protection, privacy, religion, speech, and protection from arbitrary detention exist because persons are not mere objects of State power.

The government serves the people, not the other way around.

CXXXVII. Key Principles of Philippine Constitutional Law

The key principles include:

sovereignty resides in the people;
the Constitution is the supreme law;
government powers are limited;
public office is a public trust;
separation of powers prevents concentration of authority;
checks and balances restrain abuse;
judicial review enforces constitutional limits;
rights protect individuals against State power;
due process and equal protection are fundamental;
local autonomy is constitutionally recognized;
social justice guides State policy;
constitutional commissions must remain independent;
public funds must serve public purposes;
martial law and emergency powers are limited;
constitutional change requires people’s ratification.

CXXXVIII. Conclusion

Constitutional law is the branch of law that governs the Constitution: the supreme law that creates government, distributes powers, limits authority, protects rights, and expresses the fundamental principles of the Philippine State.

In the Philippine context, constitutional law is centered on the 1987 Constitution. It covers the structure of government, the powers of Congress, the President, and the courts, the rights of individuals, citizenship, elections, public accountability, local autonomy, national economy, social justice, human rights, and amendment or revision of the Constitution.

It is both legal and practical. It determines whether laws are valid, whether government actions are lawful, whether rights have been violated, and whether public power has been abused.

The central rule is:

Constitutional law is the law of the Constitution; it defines and limits government power, protects the rights of the people, and ensures that all public authority in the Philippines is exercised under the supreme rule of the Constitution.